Movement Disorders

Movement disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to produce and control movement. These disorders are primarily caused by abnormalities in the brain regions involved in motor control, particularly the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex. Movement disorders can result in either excessive or diminished movement, affecting a person's quality of life.

Types of Movement Disorders

1. Parkinson’s Disease

  • Overview: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
  • Symptoms:
    • Tremors: Involuntary shaking, often starting in one hand.
    • Bradykinesia (slowness of movement): Difficulty initiating and performing movements.
    • Muscle Rigidity: Stiffness in the limbs and trunk.
    • Postural Instability: Difficulty maintaining balance and coordination.
  • Treatment: Medication like levodopa (dopamine precursor), dopamine agonists, deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, and physical therapy.

2. Essential Tremor

  • Overview: Essential tremor is a common movement disorder that causes rhythmic shaking, particularly in the hands, head, or voice.
  • Symptoms:
    • Shaking: Often worsens with purposeful movements like writing or holding an object.
    • Location: Commonly affects the hands, but can also affect the head, voice, or legs.
    • Progression: Typically worsens over time, but can be manageable with treatment.
  • Treatment: Medications (beta-blockers like propranolol, anticonvulsants), deep brain stimulation, and lifestyle modifications.

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