Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a disruption in normal brain function caused by a sudden external force. It can result from direct trauma, acceleration-deceleration forces, or penetration of the skull. The severity of TBI ranges from mild (concussion) to severe, with varying degrees of impact on physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being.

Causes

  1. Falls (common in young children and older adults).
  2. Motor Vehicle Accidents (leading cause in young adults).
  3. Sports Injuries (contact sports like football, soccer, and boxing).
  4. Violence or Assault (e.g., gunshot wounds, domestic violence).
  5. Explosive Blasts (common in military personnel).

Types of TBI

  1. Concussion

    • Temporary loss of brain function.
    • May or may not involve loss of consciousness.
    • Common symptoms: headache, dizziness, confusion, and nausea.
  2. Contusion

    • Bruising of brain tissue.
    • Often localized to the site of impact.
  3. Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

    • Damage to brain cells due to rotational forces or rapid deceleration.
    • Common in high-speed accidents.
  4. Penetrating Injury

    • Objects pierce the skull, damaging brain tissue.
  5. Hematomas and Hemorrhages

    • Subdural Hematoma: Blood collection between the dura and brain.
    • Epidural Hematoma: Blood between the skull and dura mater.
    • Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding within brain tissue.

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